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Which presidents skipped their successor's inauguration?

WASHINGTON, DC - JANUARY 12: U.S. President Donald Trump waves as he walks to Marine One on the South Lawn of the White House on January 12, 2021 in Washington, DC. Following last week's deadly pro-Trump riot at the U.S. Capitol, President Trump is making his first public appearance with a trip to the town of Alamo, Texas to view the construction of the wall along the U.S.-Mexico border.
(Photo by Drew Angerer/Getty Images)

It's been quite a tumultuous time for the United States stemming from voter fraud claims to the recent riot at the Capitol Building. Many people will discuss the last four years of the Trump presidency, the presidential election of 2020, and how these moments will go down in history.

President-elect Joe Biden and Vice President-elect Kamala Harris' affirmed Electoral College victory on Thursday will allow them to be sworn into office come January 20.

This news came amid Democrats mentioning that they are looking towards a vote to impeach Trump sometime next week. Regardless of a political party, lawmakers blamed the president's rhetoric for the atrocity that occurred on Wednesday when Trump supporters barged into the Capitol Building due to the president's commentary at a "Save America Rally."

Adding on to the series of events, in a tweet on Friday, Donald Trump announced that he would not be in attendance at the inauguration of President-elect Joe Biden. Now on Tuesday, Trump is expected to go to his Mar-a-Lago club in Palm Beach, Florida.

"To all of those who have asked, I will not be going to the Inauguration on January 20th," Trump tweeted. Not too long after, Twitter suspended his personal account due to the "risk of further incitement of violence." This didn't stop him from going to his POTUS account, which Twitter also went on to remove specific tweets. Facebook also banned Trump's account indefinitely.

Usually, a president attends his successor's inauguration to show courtesy for the incoming administration and respect for the country's traditions.

Although he isn't the first president to miss out on his successor's inauguration, it has also been over 150 years since former President Andrew Johnson did this in 1869, which is telling.

See who else did the same thing below.

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John Adams

Due to his departure from the White House at 4 am the morning of Thomas Jefferson's inauguration, John Adams ended up not attending. Although it's unclear why he left at the wee hours of the morning, The White House Historical Association hints at an interesting idea. The association suggested that Adams may have wanted to avoid inciting any violence between the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans as the presidency experienced a transfer of power to an opposing party. Also, Jefferson didn't extend a formal invitation to the inauguration. Perhaps Adams was trying to be polite and not impose.

John Quincy Adams

Like his father, John Adams, it's still not entirely clear why the sixth president, John Quincy Adams, didn't attend Andrew Jackson, his successor's inauguration.

According to The White House Historical Association, Adams didn't send an invite to Jackson upon his arrival in Washington, D.C. on February 11, and Jackson also didn't reach out to Adams.

The association states that Adams officially left the White House on March 3, the day before Jackson's inauguration.

Both Jackson and Adams first ran against each other in 1824. Within the White House archives, Jackson received the popular vote and electoral college votes. Still, due to political tradition despite the new idea of popular votes, the U.S. House of Representatives selected Adams.

As a result, Jackson and supporters claimed that this was a corrupt bargain, vowing to run again after the four years. He eventually defeated Adams in 1828.

Martin Van Buren

Martin Van Buren met with President-elect William Henry Harrison in February 1841 at the National Hotel on Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, D.C. What is so interesting about this case is that Van Buren also met with Harrison at the White House and hosted a dinner at the White House.

The White House Historical Association states that once the National Hotel started to become overcrowded with people, Van Buren offered to leave the White House to give Harrison time to move in. However, the president-elect decided to take a trip to Virginia before the inauguration.

Andrew Johnson

Instead of attending Ulysses S. Grant's inauguration on March 4 at the U.S. Capitol, the 17th president stayed at the White House, signing last-minute legislation.

According to CNN, Grant and Johnson had disdain for one another, Grant saying that he would not ride in the carriage to the Capitol with Johnson.

Moreover, Johnson—who was sworn into office in1865 following Abraham Lincoln's assassination— was the first president to be impeached. In the 1868 election, his party decided not to nominate him.

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Women founders continue to come up against common challenges and biases

Written by Kelly Devine, Division President UK & Ireland, Mastercard

Starting a business may have historically been perceived as a man’s game, but this couldn’t be further from reality. Research shows women are actually more likely than men to actively choose to start their own business – often motivated by the desire to be their own boss or to have a better work-life balance and spend more time with their family.

The recently published Mastercard Index of Women Entrepreneurship 2021 found that in the category of 'Aspiration Driven Entrepreneurship’ – capturing those who actively choose to start their own business – women in the UK surpass men: 60% vs 56%. And Mastercard research from February 2022 found 10% of female business owners started their business in the past two years compared to 6% of men – meaning women were 67% more likely to have started a business during the pandemic.

Yet, there are common challenges that women founders continue to come up against - not least the gender imbalance in the household and long-held biases which are still prevalent.

In the UK, women are almost three times more likely to be balancing care and home commitments than men, and this was exacerbated during the pandemic as the additional barriers of school closures and lockdowns meant that the care time of dependents rose significantly on a day-to-day level for women. In addition, women were less likely to have access to a home office, greatly impacting the work they were able to accomplish when working from home was the only option.

It's also widely known that female business owners are still more likely to struggle to access funding for their business ideas. According to Dealroom, all-women founding teams received just 1.4% of the €23.7bn invested into UK start-ups in 2021, while all-male leadership teams have taken almost 90% of the available capital.

Without financial support, and when juggling significant time pressures both at home and at work, how can women grow their companies and #BreaktheBias (as this year’s International Women’s Day termed it)? What tools or support can save them time and money, and give them the headspace they need to focus on building their business?

With female owned businesses collectively estimating revenue growth of £120 billion over the next five years, solving this problem is bigger than supporting women – it’s about supporting the national economy.

Using tech to level the playing field

There are clearly societal issues at play that need to be resolved. But when we look at the rise in technology businesses during the pandemic, we can plainly see an alternative source of support critical for business growth: digital tools.

A third of female business owners say new technologies will be crucial to the success of their business in the future and one in five say it is the most important thing for business growth.

With new technology comes new ways to pay, create, and work. And yet there are barriers that prevent business owners accessing this technology. Women are significantly more likely to say they want to use more digital tools but don’t know what is best for their business and also more concerned about the security of digital tools.

When technology is adopted by businesses – whether using online accounting solutions or messenger services for communicating with staff – it saves them time, allows them to maintain and grow their customer base, and ultimately increases cost savings and profit.

By drastically improving the training and support that is available to women-owned business to access and utilise technology we will allow these businesses to grow and succeed. And we know there is demand for it.

Research done by the IFC and Dalberg shows that female entrepreneurs are more likely to invest time and money in business development. This includes product development, customer base expansion, and digital tools and training and there are plenty of services available offering this type of support – many of them for free.

One such programme is Strive UK – an initiative of the Mastercard Center for Inclusive Growth – which aims to reach 650,000 micro and small business owners across the UK and empower them with the tools they need to thrive in the digital economy through free guidance, helpful tools and one-to-one mentoring.

Working together with small business experts – Enterprise Nation, Be the Business and Digital Boost – we hope to ensure hundreds of thousands of UK female business owners have the tools they need to succeed and reach their ambitious goals. Because this ambition remains strong in the UK, with female business owners largely optimistic about the future despite the multitude of challenges they are facing. Four in ten say they will grow their business in the next five years – compared to only a third of male business owners – and they’re also 35% less likely than men to say they plan to downsize or close the business.

But if we do not empower female entrepreneurs to access the tools and technology they need to grow, there is a risk this optimism could be misplaced. Support programmes that provide business owners with guidance and mentorship can help ensure this isn’t the case, allowing female entrepreneurs to not only survive but thrive in the months and years ahead.