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Elizabeth Blackwell: How she paved the way for women in medicine

Elizabeth Blackwell
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Since the beginning of time, women have strived and succeeded in any career path that they chose. Whether that's in the realm of politics, advocation, or other humanitarian endeavors. Women also happened to pave the way for the trajectory of medicine.

Let's introduce Elizabeth Blackwell to the stage.

Elizabeth Blackwell was the first woman to receive a medical degree in the United States. She was a champion of women in the medical profession, which led to her opening up her own medical college for women.

Blackwell was born outside of Bristol, England, on February 3, 1821, and was the third born of nine siblings. Additionally, she comes from a family of fearless pioneers.

Her father, Samuel Blackwell, was a sugar refiner, Quaker, and anti-slavery activist. Blackwell's brother Henry is a well-known abolitionist and women's suffrage advocate who also happened to Mary woman's right advocate Lucy stone; Emily Blackwell followed in her sister Elizabeth's path of medicine, and her sister-in-law Antoinette Brown Blackwell became the first woman to be an ordained minister in a Protestant denomination.

Talk about an empowering family!

12 years later, in 1832, Blackwell and her family moved to the United States outside Cincinnati, Ohio. Unfortunately, in 1838, a year into The Panic of 1837, her father Samuel Blackwell passed away, leaving the family in a financial rut.

Elizabeth, her two older sisters, and her mother worked in a predominantly female profession of teaching.

Moreover, Blackwell's biggest inspiration to pursue a career in medicine was when a dying friend of hers said that her whole experience would've been better if she had a female physician.

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Many of the male physicians at the time trained as apprentices two seasons doctors. Medical colleges that excepted women were few and far between, although some women who apprenticed became unlicensed physicians.

(Sighs while shaking my head in disappointment).

In 1847, Blackwell went to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, hoping that some of her quaker friends would help her get into medical school. She was turned away by over 10 medical schools, but a light at the end of the tunnel happened.

Well, at least it seemed like it.

She was admitted to Geneva College, which is in rural New York. But her acceptance letter was a bit of a joke.

Blackwell faced discrimination from the very people that are supposed to be encouraging education. The professors forced her to sit separately in lectures and often excluded her in labs, which many of us know is important for people to experience as they study medicine to grasp the material properly. Even the local townspeople in New York ostracized her, referring to her as a "bad" woman for defying her gender role.

Due to her persevering spirit, Blackwell eventually earned respect from her professors and classmates and graduated first of her class in 1849.

I know that's right!

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Afterward, she continued with her training in London and Paris hospitals, although doctors had her in midwifery of nursing primarily.

As a result, she took matters into her own hands and emphasized the importance of preventative care and personal hygiene. She recognized that male doctors often caused epidemics to occur because they failed to wash their hands in between patients they were caring for.

With the help of some of her Quaker friends, Dr. Blackwell opened up a small clinic to treat poor women in New York City. In 1857, she opened up the New York infirmary for women and children with her sister Dr. Emily Blackwell and colleague Dr. Marie Zakrzewska. The goal of this infirmary wants to provide positions for women physicians as well.

Over a decade later, Blackwell officially opened up a medical college in New York City in 1868. And a year later, she placed her sister in charge and returned to London permanently.

Dr. Blackwell also became a gynecology professor at the new London school of medicine for women and 1875. And she also was a founder of the National Health Society and published many books, most notably her autobiography titled Pioneer Work in Opening the Medical Profession to Women in 1895.

All in all, women like Dr. Blackwell and many others that came after her who followed their dreams, regardless of the naysayers and rejection in a very male-dominated field, continue to inspire and warm the hearts of many to this day.

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Women founders continue to come up against common challenges and biases

Written by Kelly Devine, Division President UK & Ireland, Mastercard

Starting a business may have historically been perceived as a man’s game, but this couldn’t be further from reality. Research shows women are actually more likely than men to actively choose to start their own business – often motivated by the desire to be their own boss or to have a better work-life balance and spend more time with their family.

The recently published Mastercard Index of Women Entrepreneurship 2021 found that in the category of 'Aspiration Driven Entrepreneurship’ – capturing those who actively choose to start their own business – women in the UK surpass men: 60% vs 56%. And Mastercard research from February 2022 found 10% of female business owners started their business in the past two years compared to 6% of men – meaning women were 67% more likely to have started a business during the pandemic.

Yet, there are common challenges that women founders continue to come up against - not least the gender imbalance in the household and long-held biases which are still prevalent.

In the UK, women are almost three times more likely to be balancing care and home commitments than men, and this was exacerbated during the pandemic as the additional barriers of school closures and lockdowns meant that the care time of dependents rose significantly on a day-to-day level for women. In addition, women were less likely to have access to a home office, greatly impacting the work they were able to accomplish when working from home was the only option.

It's also widely known that female business owners are still more likely to struggle to access funding for their business ideas. According to Dealroom, all-women founding teams received just 1.4% of the €23.7bn invested into UK start-ups in 2021, while all-male leadership teams have taken almost 90% of the available capital.

Without financial support, and when juggling significant time pressures both at home and at work, how can women grow their companies and #BreaktheBias (as this year’s International Women’s Day termed it)? What tools or support can save them time and money, and give them the headspace they need to focus on building their business?

With female owned businesses collectively estimating revenue growth of £120 billion over the next five years, solving this problem is bigger than supporting women – it’s about supporting the national economy.

Using tech to level the playing field

There are clearly societal issues at play that need to be resolved. But when we look at the rise in technology businesses during the pandemic, we can plainly see an alternative source of support critical for business growth: digital tools.

A third of female business owners say new technologies will be crucial to the success of their business in the future and one in five say it is the most important thing for business growth.

With new technology comes new ways to pay, create, and work. And yet there are barriers that prevent business owners accessing this technology. Women are significantly more likely to say they want to use more digital tools but don’t know what is best for their business and also more concerned about the security of digital tools.

When technology is adopted by businesses – whether using online accounting solutions or messenger services for communicating with staff – it saves them time, allows them to maintain and grow their customer base, and ultimately increases cost savings and profit.

By drastically improving the training and support that is available to women-owned business to access and utilise technology we will allow these businesses to grow and succeed. And we know there is demand for it.

Research done by the IFC and Dalberg shows that female entrepreneurs are more likely to invest time and money in business development. This includes product development, customer base expansion, and digital tools and training and there are plenty of services available offering this type of support – many of them for free.

One such programme is Strive UK – an initiative of the Mastercard Center for Inclusive Growth – which aims to reach 650,000 micro and small business owners across the UK and empower them with the tools they need to thrive in the digital economy through free guidance, helpful tools and one-to-one mentoring.

Working together with small business experts – Enterprise Nation, Be the Business and Digital Boost – we hope to ensure hundreds of thousands of UK female business owners have the tools they need to succeed and reach their ambitious goals. Because this ambition remains strong in the UK, with female business owners largely optimistic about the future despite the multitude of challenges they are facing. Four in ten say they will grow their business in the next five years – compared to only a third of male business owners – and they’re also 35% less likely than men to say they plan to downsize or close the business.

But if we do not empower female entrepreneurs to access the tools and technology they need to grow, there is a risk this optimism could be misplaced. Support programmes that provide business owners with guidance and mentorship can help ensure this isn’t the case, allowing female entrepreneurs to not only survive but thrive in the months and years ahead.