Start writing a post

The real, spooky origins of Halloween

Person decorating pumpkin and candles
Photo by freestocks on Unsplash

Growing up, Halloween was by far my favorite tradition to celebrate. Primarily because of the candy, but also because it offered the opportunity to play dress up. Not that I needed a specific day of the year to do so, but Halloween was the one night where I could dress up as an eerie little witch without getting puzzled expressions from my peers.

I never once stopped to fathom why numerous individuals actually celebrated the universal tradition. Probably because as a child, the only thing I was interested in was the concept of receiving free candy from strangers. A practice which is problematic in itself. So what are the origins of Halloween and why do we continue to celebrate it?

Introducing Samhain

Many individuals believe Halloween is a tradition developed in the U.S, by candy companies trying to earn a profit. However, the tradition was actually invented 2,000 years ago by the Celts, in an area known today as Ireland, the United Kingdom and northern France.

The origins of Halloween date back to the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain (pronounced sow-in). The pre-Christian festival was a celebration of the Celtic new year, marking the end of summer and beginning of fall harvest. The Celts believed the cold season ushered in a period of darkness, often associated with human death.

In addition, the Celts believed the worlds of the living and the dead became blurred during the commencement of the new year. This brings us to Halloween, which occurs on the eve of Samhain (hello, October 31st) believed to be when ghosts of the dead returned to earth.

It was during this sacred night people lit bonfires, offered sacrifices and paid homage to the dead.

Yeah, that's not creepy at all.

So where does the term 'trick or treating' come from?

During these gatherings, some villagers would wear animal skin disguises to drive away spirits. It wasn't until centuries later when people began dressing as ghosts, demons and other malicious creatures, in exchange for food and drink. This practice was referred to as "mumming," dating back to the Middle Ages and is thought to be an earlier form of trick-or-treating.

Similar to the Celtic commemorations of Samhain, celebrations in England included bonfires and masquerades. In a practice referred to as 'souling,' the poor would visit homes of the wealthy and receive pastries called 'soul cakes.' These exchanges often required a promise to pray for the souls of the homeowners' dead relatives.

In Scotland, rather than promising to pray for the dead, children would sing songs, recite poems, or tell jokes before collecting a treat. These treats often consisted of fruit, nuts or coins. It wasn't until the 1920s when the term 'trick-or-treating' was officially established, when pranks became a Halloween staple among with youths during The Great Depression.

After World War II, 'trick-or-treating' became an American commodity for millions of children. It was during this time candy companies capitalized on the ritual, creating lucrative Halloween campaigns primarily targeting children.

Oh ok, that makes total sense

So there you have it. Halloween is basically just the celebration of the Celtic New Year, with a bit of spooky folklore thrown in. And here I thought Halloween was just an acceptable time to binge on mounds of candy while donning a ludicrous costume.


Women founders continue to come up against common challenges and biases

Written by Kelly Devine, Division President UK & Ireland, Mastercard

Starting a business may have historically been perceived as a man’s game, but this couldn’t be further from reality. Research shows women are actually more likely than men to actively choose to start their own business – often motivated by the desire to be their own boss or to have a better work-life balance and spend more time with their family.

The recently published Mastercard Index of Women Entrepreneurship 2021 found that in the category of 'Aspiration Driven Entrepreneurship’ – capturing those who actively choose to start their own business – women in the UK surpass men: 60% vs 56%. And Mastercard research from February 2022 found 10% of female business owners started their business in the past two years compared to 6% of men – meaning women were 67% more likely to have started a business during the pandemic.

Yet, there are common challenges that women founders continue to come up against - not least the gender imbalance in the household and long-held biases which are still prevalent.

In the UK, women are almost three times more likely to be balancing care and home commitments than men, and this was exacerbated during the pandemic as the additional barriers of school closures and lockdowns meant that the care time of dependents rose significantly on a day-to-day level for women. In addition, women were less likely to have access to a home office, greatly impacting the work they were able to accomplish when working from home was the only option.

It's also widely known that female business owners are still more likely to struggle to access funding for their business ideas. According to Dealroom, all-women founding teams received just 1.4% of the €23.7bn invested into UK start-ups in 2021, while all-male leadership teams have taken almost 90% of the available capital.

Without financial support, and when juggling significant time pressures both at home and at work, how can women grow their companies and #BreaktheBias (as this year’s International Women’s Day termed it)? What tools or support can save them time and money, and give them the headspace they need to focus on building their business?

With female owned businesses collectively estimating revenue growth of £120 billion over the next five years, solving this problem is bigger than supporting women – it’s about supporting the national economy.

Using tech to level the playing field

There are clearly societal issues at play that need to be resolved. But when we look at the rise in technology businesses during the pandemic, we can plainly see an alternative source of support critical for business growth: digital tools.

A third of female business owners say new technologies will be crucial to the success of their business in the future and one in five say it is the most important thing for business growth.

With new technology comes new ways to pay, create, and work. And yet there are barriers that prevent business owners accessing this technology. Women are significantly more likely to say they want to use more digital tools but don’t know what is best for their business and also more concerned about the security of digital tools.

When technology is adopted by businesses – whether using online accounting solutions or messenger services for communicating with staff – it saves them time, allows them to maintain and grow their customer base, and ultimately increases cost savings and profit.

By drastically improving the training and support that is available to women-owned business to access and utilise technology we will allow these businesses to grow and succeed. And we know there is demand for it.

Research done by the IFC and Dalberg shows that female entrepreneurs are more likely to invest time and money in business development. This includes product development, customer base expansion, and digital tools and training and there are plenty of services available offering this type of support – many of them for free.

One such programme is Strive UK – an initiative of the Mastercard Center for Inclusive Growth – which aims to reach 650,000 micro and small business owners across the UK and empower them with the tools they need to thrive in the digital economy through free guidance, helpful tools and one-to-one mentoring.

Working together with small business experts – Enterprise Nation, Be the Business and Digital Boost – we hope to ensure hundreds of thousands of UK female business owners have the tools they need to succeed and reach their ambitious goals. Because this ambition remains strong in the UK, with female business owners largely optimistic about the future despite the multitude of challenges they are facing. Four in ten say they will grow their business in the next five years – compared to only a third of male business owners – and they’re also 35% less likely than men to say they plan to downsize or close the business.

But if we do not empower female entrepreneurs to access the tools and technology they need to grow, there is a risk this optimism could be misplaced. Support programmes that provide business owners with guidance and mentorship can help ensure this isn’t the case, allowing female entrepreneurs to not only survive but thrive in the months and years ahead.